zabbix进行数据库备份以及表分区的方法

由于测试环境上面使用的zabbix服务器配置比较低，经常会遇到性能瓶颈（主要是数据库和磁盘I/O等），于是倒逼我使用了一些方式来缓解这些问题。

主要是以前使用的那个备份数据库的脚本是对zabbix数据库进行全备的，使用的又是mysql自带的工具mysqldump，当数据量大了之后进行全备所花的时间比较长，这样将会造成数据库的锁读。。。从而使zabbix服务以为mysql死掉了，产生一大堆的报警。

后来发现原来造成数据库数据量大量增加的是zabbix数据库中的一些存储数据的大表导致的。于是备份数据库的时候可以选择跳过这些表进行备份，这样，将大大减少数据库备份所花的时间（PS：之前备份数据库所花时间在十分钟左右，现在跳过大表备份，所花时间在1S左右就能备份完，大大缩短了备份数据库时间）。

下面就贴出某位大神写的专门为zabbix数据库做备份以及恢复的脚本：

#!/bin/bash
#author: itnihao
red='e[0;31m' # 红色  
RED='e[1;31m' 
green='e[0;32m' # 绿色  
GREEN='e[1;32m' 
blue='e[0;34m' # 蓝色  
BLUE='e[1;34m' 
purple='e[0;35m' # 紫色  
PURPLE='e[1;35m' 
NC='e[0m' # 没有颜色  
source /etc/bashrc
source /etc/profile
MySQL_USER=zabbix
MySQL_PASSWORD=zabbix
MySQL_HOST=localhost
MySQL_PORT=3306
MySQL_DUMP_PATH=/opt/backup
MYSQL_BIN_PATH=/opt/software/mysql/bin/mysql
MYSQL_DUMP_BIN_PATH=/opt/software/mysql/bin/mysqldump
MySQL_DATABASE_NAME=zabbix
DATE=$(date '+%Y%m%d')
MySQLDUMP () {
    [ -d ${MySQL_DUMP_PATH} ] || mkdir ${MySQL_DUMP_PATH}
    cd ${MySQL_DUMP_PATH}
    [ -d logs    ] || mkdir logs
    [ -d ${DATE} ] || mkdir ${DATE}
    cd ${DATE}
    
    #TABLE_NAME_ALL=$(${MYSQL_BIN_PATH} -u${MySQL_USER} -p${MySQL_PASSWORD}  -h${MySQL_HOST} ${MySQL_DATABASE_NAME} -e "show tables"|egrep -v "(Tables_in_zabbix)")
    TABLE_NAME_ALL=$(${MYSQL_BIN_PATH} -u${MySQL_USER} -p${MySQL_PASSWORD}  -h${MySQL_HOST} ${MySQL_DATABASE_NAME} -e "show tables"|egrep -v "(Tables_in_zabbix|history*|trends*|acknowledges|alerts|auditlog|events|service_alarms)")
    for TABLE_NAME in ${TABLE_NAME_ALL}
    do
        ${MYSQL_DUMP_BIN_PATH} --opt -u${MySQL_USER} -p${MySQL_PASSWORD} -P${MySQL_PORT} -h${MySQL_HOST} ${MySQL_DATABASE_NAME} ${TABLE_NAME} >${TABLE_NAME}.sql
        sleep 0.01
    done
    [ "$?" == 0 ] && echo "${DATE}: Backup zabbix succeed"     >> ${MySQL_DUMP_PATH}/logs/ZabbixMysqlDump.log
    [ "$?" != 0 ] && echo "${DATE}: Backup zabbix not succeed" >> ${MySQL_DUMP_PATH}/logs/ZabbixMysqlDump.log
    
    cd ${MySQL_DUMP_PATH}/
    rm -rf $(date +%Y%m%d --date='5 days ago')
    exit 0
}
MySQLImport () {
    cd ${MySQL_DUMP_PATH}
    DATE=$(ls  ${MySQL_DUMP_PATH} |egrep "b^[0-9]+$b")
    echo -e "${green}${DATE}"
    echo -e "${blue}what DATE do you want to import,please input date:${NC}"
    read SELECT_DATE
    if [ -d "${SELECT_DATE}" ];then
        echo -e "you select is ${green}${SELECT_DATE}${NC}, do you want to contine,if,input ${red}(yes|y|Y)${NC},else then exit"
        read Input
        [[ 'yes|y|Y' =~ "${Input}" ]]
        status="$?"
        if [ "${status}" == "0"  ];then
            echo "now import SQL....... Please wait......."
        else
            exit 1
        fi
        cd ${SELECT_DATE}
        for PER_TABEL_SQL in $(ls *.sql)
        do
           ${MYSQL_BIN_PATH} -u${MySQL_USER} -p${MySQL_PASSWORD}  -h${MySQL_HOST} ${MySQL_DATABASE_NAME} < ${PER_TABEL_SQL}
           echo -e "import ${PER_TABEL_SQL} ${PURPLE}........................${NC}"
        done 
        echo "Finish import SQL,Please check Zabbix database"
    else 
        echo "Don't exist ${SELECT_DATE} DIR" 
    fi
}
case "$1" in
MySQLDUMP|mysqldump)
    MySQLDUMP
    ;;
MySQLImport|mysqlimport)
    MySQLImport
    ;;
*)
    echo "Usage: $0 {(MySQLDUMP|mysqldump) (MySQLImport|mysqlimport)}"
    ;;
esac

该脚本源出处在这https://github.com/itnihao/zabbix-book/blob/master/03-chapter/Zabbix_MySQLdump_per_table_v2.sh

我这是在大神的脚本上做了修改之后形成的适合我自己备份的脚本，各位也可以自行修改成适合自己的备份脚本。这个脚本实现的效果上面已经说了，之前做全备的时候差不多有4G左右的数据量，现在只备份配置文件数据量只有不到10M，果断大大节省时间以及空间呀。

不过这样的话将无法保证数据的备份，我目前考虑使用xtradbbackup对数据进行增量备份，目前还未实现，留待过两天做吧。

好了，关于数据库备份的事情搞了，然后还需要对大数据量的表进行表分区，参考了zabbix官网的一篇文章https://www.zabbix.org/wiki/Docs/howto/mysql_partition 各位有兴趣的话可以去看看，我这里将其总结在了一起，更加方便一点。

表分区可以对大数据量的表进行物理上的拆分成多个文件，但是逻辑上来看，还是一张表，对应用程序是透明的。另外，将这一张大表拆分成很多小表的话将使得数据查询速度能够更快。还可以随时删除旧的数据分区，删除过期数据。这种方式适用于大数据量的表，但是查询量比较少的应用场景。如果是大数据量的表，又有大量查询的话建议还是进行分库分表操作。

好了，不多扯了，开始作业了。

首先，登录数据库(PS:这个就不演示了)

然后登陆到zabbix库中修改两张表的结构：

use zabbix;
Alter table history_text drop primary key, add index (id), drop index history_text_2, add index history_text_2 (itemid, id);
Alter table history_log drop primary key, add index (id), drop index history_log_2, add index history_log_2 (itemid, id);

修改完之后再按照官网上的过程创建四个存储过程：

DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE `partition_create`(SCHEMANAME VARCHAR(64), TABLENAME VARCHAR(64), PARTITIONNAME VARCHAR(64), CLOCK INT)
BEGIN
        /*
           SCHEMANAME = The DB schema in which to make changes
           TABLENAME = The table with partitions to potentially delete
           PARTITIONNAME = The name of the partition to create
        */
        /*
           Verify that the partition does not already exist
        */
 
        DECLARE RETROWS INT;
        SELECT COUNT(1) INTO RETROWS
        FROM information_schema.partitions
        WHERE table_schema = SCHEMANAME AND TABLE_NAME = TABLENAME AND partition_description >= CLOCK;
 
        IF RETROWS = 0 THEN
                /*
                   1. Print a message indicating that a partition was created.
                   2. Create the SQL to create the partition.
                   3. Execute the SQL from #2.
                */
                SELECT CONCAT( "partition_create(", SCHEMANAME, ",", TABLENAME, ",", PARTITIONNAME, ",", CLOCK, ")" ) AS msg;
                SET @SQL = CONCAT( 'ALTER TABLE ', SCHEMANAME, '.', TABLENAME, ' ADD PARTITION (PARTITION ', PARTITIONNAME, ' VALUES LESS THAN (', CLOCK, '));' );
                PREPARE STMT FROM @SQL;
                EXECUTE STMT;
                DEALLOCATE PREPARE STMT;
        END IF;
END
$$DELIMITER ;

DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE `partition_drop`(SCHEMANAME VARCHAR(64), TABLENAME VARCHAR(64), DELETE_BELOW_PARTITION_DATE BIGINT)
BEGIN
        /*
           SCHEMANAME = The DB schema in which to make changes
           TABLENAME = The table with partitions to potentially delete
           DELETE_BELOW_PARTITION_DATE = Delete any partitions with names that are dates older than this one (yyyy-mm-dd)
        */
        DECLARE done INT DEFAULT FALSE;
        DECLARE drop_part_name VARCHAR(16);
 
        /*
           Get a list of all the partitions that are older than the date
           in DELETE_BELOW_PARTITION_DATE.  All partitions are prefixed with
           a "p", so use SUBSTRING TO get rid of that character.
        */
        DECLARE myCursor CURSOR FOR
                SELECT partition_name
                FROM information_schema.partitions
                WHERE table_schema = SCHEMANAME AND TABLE_NAME = TABLENAME AND CAST(SUBSTRING(partition_name FROM 2) AS UNSIGNED) < DELETE_BELOW_PARTITION_DATE;
        DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done = TRUE;
 
        /*
           Create the basics for when we need to drop the partition.  Also, create
           @drop_partitions to hold a comma-delimited list of all partitions that
           should be deleted.
        */
        SET @alter_header = CONCAT("ALTER TABLE ", SCHEMANAME, ".", TABLENAME, " DROP PARTITION ");
        SET @drop_partitions = "";
 
        /*
           Start looping through all the partitions that are too old.
        */
        OPEN myCursor;
        read_loop: LOOP
                FETCH myCursor INTO drop_part_name;
                IF done THEN
                        LEAVE read_loop;
                END IF;
                SET @drop_partitions = IF(@drop_partitions = "", drop_part_name, CONCAT(@drop_partitions, ",", drop_part_name));
        END LOOP;
        IF @drop_partitions != "" THEN
                /*
                   1. Build the SQL to drop all the necessary partitions.
                   2. Run the SQL to drop the partitions.
                   3. Print out the table partitions that were deleted.
                */
                SET @full_sql = CONCAT(@alter_header, @drop_partitions, ";");
                PREPARE STMT FROM @full_sql;
                EXECUTE STMT;
                DEALLOCATE PREPARE STMT;
 
                SELECT CONCAT(SCHEMANAME, ".", TABLENAME) AS `table`, @drop_partitions AS `partitions_deleted`;
        ELSE
                /*
                   No partitions are being deleted, so print out "N/A" (Not applicable) to indicate
                   that no changes were made.
                */
                SELECT CONCAT(SCHEMANAME, ".", TABLENAME) AS `table`, "N/A" AS `partitions_deleted`;
        END IF;
END$$
DELIMITER ;

DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE `partition_maintenance`(SCHEMA_NAME VARCHAR(32), TABLE_NAME VARCHAR(32), KEEP_DATA_DAYS INT, HOURLY_INTERVAL INT, CREATE_NEXT_INTERVALS INT)
BEGIN
        DECLARE OLDER_THAN_PARTITION_DATE VARCHAR(16);
        DECLARE PARTITION_NAME VARCHAR(16);
        DECLARE LESS_THAN_TIMESTAMP INT;
        DECLARE CUR_TIME INT;
 
        CALL partition_verify(SCHEMA_NAME, TABLE_NAME, HOURLY_INTERVAL);
        SET CUR_TIME = UNIX_TIMESTAMP(DATE_FORMAT(NOW(), '%Y-%m-%d 00:00:00'));
 
        SET @__interval = 1;
        create_loop: LOOP
                IF @__interval > CREATE_NEXT_INTERVALS THEN
                        LEAVE create_loop;
                END IF;
 
                SET LESS_THAN_TIMESTAMP = CUR_TIME + (HOURLY_INTERVAL * @__interval * 3600);
                SET PARTITION_NAME = FROM_UNIXTIME(CUR_TIME + HOURLY_INTERVAL * (@__interval - 1) * 3600, 'p%Y%m%d%H00');
                CALL partition_create(SCHEMA_NAME, TABLE_NAME, PARTITION_NAME, LESS_THAN_TIMESTAMP);
                SET @__interval=@__interval+1;
        END LOOP;
 
        SET OLDER_THAN_PARTITION_DATE=DATE_FORMAT(DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL KEEP_DATA_DAYS DAY), '%Y%m%d0000');
        CALL partition_drop(SCHEMA_NAME, TABLE_NAME, OLDER_THAN_PARTITION_DATE);
 
END$$
DELIMITER ;

DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE `partition_verify`(SCHEMANAME VARCHAR(64), TABLENAME VARCHAR(64), HOURLYINTERVAL INT(11))
BEGIN
        DECLARE PARTITION_NAME VARCHAR(16);
        DECLARE RETROWS INT(11);
        DECLARE FUTURE_TIMESTAMP TIMESTAMP;
 
        /*
         * Check if any partitions exist for the given SCHEMANAME.TABLENAME.
         */
        SELECT COUNT(1) INTO RETROWS
        FROM information_schema.partitions
        WHERE table_schema = SCHEMANAME AND TABLE_NAME = TABLENAME AND partition_name IS NULL;
 
        /*
         * If partitions do not exist, go ahead and partition the table
         */
        IF RETROWS = 1 THEN
                /*
                 * Take the current date at 00:00:00 and add HOURLYINTERVAL to it.  This is the timestamp below which we will store values.
                 * We begin partitioning based on the beginning of a day.  This is because we don't want to generate a random partition
                 * that won't necessarily fall in line with the desired partition naming (ie: if the hour interval is 24 hours, we could
                 * end up creating a partition now named "p201403270600" when all other partitions will be like "p201403280000").
                 */
                SET FUTURE_TIMESTAMP = TIMESTAMPADD(HOUR, HOURLYINTERVAL, CONCAT(CURDATE(), " ", '00:00:00'));
                SET PARTITION_NAME = DATE_FORMAT(CURDATE(), 'p%Y%m%d%H00');
 
                -- Create the partitioning query
                SET @__PARTITION_SQL = CONCAT("ALTER TABLE ", SCHEMANAME, ".", TABLENAME, " PARTITION BY RANGE(`clock`)");
                SET @__PARTITION_SQL = CONCAT(@__PARTITION_SQL, "(PARTITION ", PARTITION_NAME, " VALUES LESS THAN (", UNIX_TIMESTAMP(FUTURE_TIMESTAMP), "));");
 
                -- Run the partitioning query
                PREPARE STMT FROM @__PARTITION_SQL;
                EXECUTE STMT;
                DEALLOCATE PREPARE STMT;
        END IF;
END$$
DELIMITER ;

上面四个存储过程执行后将可以使用

CALL partition_maintenance('', '', , , )

命令对想要分区的表进行表分区了。其中的参数我这里解释一下。

这是举例：

CALL partition_maintenance(zabbix, 'history_uint', 31, 24, 14);

zabbix_db_name：库名

table_name：表名

days_to_keep_data：保存多少天的数据

hourly_interval：每隔多久生成一个分区

num_future_intervals_to_create：本次一共生成多少个分区

这个例子就是history_uint表最多保存31天的数据，每隔24小时生成一个分区，这次一共生成14个分区

这里可以将上面四个存储过程保存为一个文件，导入到数据库中，文件我稍后将会放在附件中，这里使用的命令是：mysql -uzabbix -pzabbix zabbix

然后可以将CALL统一调用也做成一个文件，统一调用的内容如下：

DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE `partition_maintenance_all`(SCHEMA_NAME VARCHAR(32))
BEGIN
       CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'history', 31, 24, 14);
       CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'history_log', 31, 24, 14);
       CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'history_str', 31, 24, 14);
       CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'history_text', 31, 24, 14);
       CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'history_uint', 31, 24, 14);
       CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'trends', 180, 24, 14);
       CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'trends_uint', 180, 24, 14);
END$$
DELIMITER ;

也将该文件导入到数据库中，使用命令：mysql -uzabbix -pzabbix zabbix

好了，到了这里之后就可以使用如下命令执行表分区了：

mysql -uzabbix -pzabbix zabbix -e "CALL partition_maintenance_all('zabbix');"
+----------------+--------------------+
| table          | partitions_deleted |
+----------------+--------------------+
| zabbix.history | N/A                |
+----------------+--------------------+
+--------------------+--------------------+
| table              | partitions_deleted |
+--------------------+--------------------+
| zabbix.history_log | N/A                |
+--------------------+--------------------+
+--------------------+--------------------+
| table              | partitions_deleted |
+--------------------+--------------------+
| zabbix.history_str | N/A                |
+--------------------+--------------------+
+---------------------+--------------------+
| table               | partitions_deleted |
+---------------------+--------------------+
| zabbix.history_text | N/A                |
+---------------------+--------------------+
+---------------------+--------------------+
| table               | partitions_deleted |
+---------------------+--------------------+
| zabbix.history_uint | N/A                |
+---------------------+--------------------+
+---------------+--------------------+
| table         | partitions_deleted |
+---------------+--------------------+
| zabbix.trends | N/A                |
+---------------+--------------------+
+--------------------+--------------------+
| table              | partitions_deleted |
+--------------------+--------------------+
| zabbix.trends_uint | N/A                |
+--------------------+--------------------+

看到如下结果证明所有7张表都进行了表分区，也可以在Mysql的数data目录下看到新生成的表分区文件。（PS:注意，最好是清空history_uint表的数据之后再执行上面这条命令，否则因为这张表数据量太大，转换时间将会好长，清空表中数据的命令为： truncate table history_uint;）

好了，这样可以进行表分区了。

将上面这条命令写入到计划任务中如下：

crontab -l|tail -1
01 01 * * * /opt/software/mysql/bin/mysql -uzabbix -pzabbix zabbix -e "CALL partition_maintenance_all('zabbix');"

每天晚上的1点01执行一次。还有之前写的备份数据库的脚本也需要执行计划任务每天的凌晨0点01执行备份：

crontab -l|tail -2|head -1
01 00 * * * /usr/local/scripts/Zabbix_MySQLdump_per_table_v2.sh mysqldump

这样就大功告成了，之后再体验一下zabbix的web页面看是不是感觉比以前快了？

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